Aug. 31, 2026 — A new heart failure (HF) treatment effect calculator could help overcome one of the largest barriers to effective heart failure care by predicting the expected effects of treatment on blood pressure, kidney function and potassium levels. The research was presented at the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Congress and simultaneously published in Nature Medicine, uses individual patient data from 38,753 participants across nine major heart failure trials.1
“Over the last 30 years, we have seen significant treatment advances for patients with heart failure, but adoption of these therapies has been poor,” said Dr. Nelson Wang, cardiologist and Senior Research Fellow at The George Institute for Global Health.
“Fear of adverse effects, particularly low blood pressure, worsening kidney function or high potassium levels are the major reasons clinicians do not start treatment,” he said.
Calculator Generates Personalized Estimates
The free tool helps address this hurdle by estimating the impact of different treatment combinations on blood pressure (BP), kidney function or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and serum potassium levels.
The calculator generates personalized estimates based on patient characteristics, including age, sex, body mass index, baseline blood pressure, kidney function, potassium levels and prior heart failure hospitalization status.
The tool provides estimates for combinations of five major classes of heart failure therapy: angiotensin receptor blocker – neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ACEI/ARB), sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (sMRA) and non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (nsMRA).
Combination therapy has demonstrated additive benefits in heart failure. Current guidelines recommend a four-pillar treatment approach consisting of a beta-blocker, ARNI, sMRA and SGLT2i for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction which has shown to reduce all-cause mortality by up to 60%.2 Yet, despite these benefits, registry studies suggest that only 2% of eligible patients receive such treatment.3
Researchers found that recommended combination therapies were associated with modest reductions in BP and early declines in kidney function, alongside small to modest increases in serum potassium levels. These effects contrasted with substantial reductions in the risk of worsening heart failure events, with risk reductions ranging from 31 to 61% compared with standard care.
The calculator was validated against data from 1,016 participants in four additional trials. Estimated treatment effects were aligned with observed outcomes, supporting the reliability of the model.
Heart failure affects an estimated 64 million people worldwide, with prevalence continuing to rise due to population aging and improved survival following heart attacks.4 The condition is associated with high morbidity, reduced quality of life, and a one-year mortality risk of up to 30%. 5 Improving uptake of effective therapies is a key priority in addressing this growing burden of disease.
Dr. Wang said the calculator could support clinical decision-making in routine practice.
“By providing a personalized estimate of what to expect when initiating combination therapy, the calculator can reduce uncertainty and give clinicians greater confidence to prescribe these treatments simultaneously, ultimately helping more patients receive therapies that improve long-term outcomes,” he concluded.
This work was a collaboration between The George Institute for Global Health and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. The authors note that the calculator was developed using data from clinical trial populations and that estimates may not be fully generalizable to broader populations.
The Heart Failure Treatment Effect Calculator can be accessed at https://hfmodel.org/
References
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Wang N, et al. Short-term effects of Combinations of Heart failure Therapies on Blood Pressure, Kidney Function, and Serum Potassium. Nature Medicine. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-026-04623-z
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van Essen BJ et al. Pharmacologic Treatment of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: An Updated Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2025.08.054
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Nelson A et al. Characteristics and Treatment Patterns of Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) Accessing Australian Primary Care. Heart Lung Circ. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2025.06.287
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Shahim B et al. Global Public Health Burden of Heart Failure: An Updated Review. Card Fail Rev. 2023. https://doi.org/10.15420/cfr.2023.05
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Savarese G, et al. Global burden of heart failure: a comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology. Cardiovasc Res. 2022 https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvac013
August 28, 2026 
