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March 28, 2023 — People exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation have an extra, but modest, risk of developing heart disease during their lifetime, according to a new study published by an international consortium of researchers.
“The study suggests that radiation exposure, across a range of doses, may be related to an increased risk of not just cancer, as has been previously appreciated, but also of cardiovascular diseases,” says Andrew Einstein, MD, PhD, professor of medicine at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and one of the study’s senior authors.
“It should not steer people away from receiving radiation if necessary—in fact many medical uses of radiation are lifesaving—but it underscores the importance of ensuring that radiation is used appropriately and kept as low as reasonably achievable.”
It’s well known that exposure to high doses of radiation, from cancer therapy for example, can damage the heart. But firm evidence linking heart disease with low-dose radiation—encountered by workers in the nuclear industry or from diagnostic medical imaging—is less clear.
The researchers used data from 93 studies covering all ranges of radiation exposures to find a relationship between dose and heart disease.
They found an increased excess lifetime risk of 2.3 to 3.9 cardiovascular deaths per 100 persons exposed to one Gy of radiation. (In the United States, about 25 out of every 100 people die from cardiovascular disease; a person exposed to 1 Gy of radiation will have a slightly higher, 27% to 29%, risk of dying from cardiovascular disease).
Few people other than those receiving radiation therapy will receive 1 Gy during their lives. But the researchers also found a higher risk of heart disease at low dose ranges (<0.1 Gy) more commonly experienced by the public and also for protracted exposures to low doses.
More research is needed to determine the precise increased excess lifetime risk of heart disease from these low doses.
“The effect of lower doses of radiation on the heart and blood vessels may have been underestimated in the past,” Einstein says. “Our new study suggests that guidelines and standards for protection of workers exposed to radiation should be reconsidered, and efforts to ensure optimal radiation protection of patients should be redoubled.”
The study, titled “Ionising radiation and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis,” was published March 8 in The BMJ.
The corresponding author is Mark P. Little, DPhil, senior investigator at the National Cancer Institute.
Andrew J. Einstein, MD, PhD, is a cardiologist and researcher at Columbia University and New York-Presbyterian. He also is director of nuclear cardiology, cardiac CT, and cardiac MRI and director of the advanced cardiac imaging fellowship.
Other authors: Tamara V. Azizova (Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Russia); David B. Richardson (University of California Irvine); Soile Tapio (Technische Universität München); Marie-Odile Bernier (Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire, France); Michaela Kreuzer (Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Germany); Francis A Cucinotta (University of Nevada Las Vegas); Dimitry Bazyka (National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine); Vadim Chumak (National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine); Victor K. Ivanov (Russian Academy of Medical Sciences); Lene H.S. Veiga (National Cancer Institute); Alicia Livinski (National Institutes of Health); Kossi Abalo (Karolinska Institutet and Uppsala University); Lydia B. Zablotska (University of California, San Francisco); and Nobuyuki Hamada (Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Japan).
For more information: https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/
April 16, 2024 
