The implementation of dedicated access site surveillance and educational programs, with pre-existent strategies to reduce access site complications, can reduce the overall incidence of femoral access-related bleeding events.
The implementation of dedicated access site surveillance and educational programs, in tandem with pre-existent strategies to reduce access site complications, can reduce the overall incidence of femoral access-related bleeding events.
Percutaneous coronary interventional (PCI) procedures are performed throughout hundreds of U.S. institutions every day. With the increasing frequency of these procedures being performed comes an associated rise in certain companion risks, namely access site complications. There have been calls for more access site surveillance and staff education, which can help reduce adverse events.
Post-procedural access site complications can include, but are not limited to, infection, bleeding, hematoma, neural damage, vessel perforation, arterio-venous fistula and pseudo-aneurysm formation.[1] These untoward consequences of catheter-based procedures may impart a significant degree ofmorbidity and, less frequently, mortality. It seems reasonable that early intervention to identify and address these potential complications would be the best defense to attempt to reduce the morbidity associated with them.
Our institutions, Northside Hospital and The Heart and Vascular Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg, Fla., initiated a program that was dedicated to staff education regarding access site complications, as well as post-procedural surveillance of catheter access sites. This study retrospectively examines the effect this program had on incidence reduction with respect to major bleeding events, as defined by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) guidelines, in those patients undergoing PCI during a three-year period.
Developing a Monitoring Program
Beginning Jan. 1, 2009, registered nurses from the cardiac catheterization lab were assigned, on a rotating basis, to perform daily access site rounds on all patients at our institution who had undergone catheter-based coronary intervention procedures within the preceding 24 hours. Included in the study were catheter-based procedures encompassing direct coronary intervention, angioplasty, stenting, rheolytic thrombectomy or rotational atherectomy with or without any of the following associated procedures: left ventriculography, right heart catheterization, percutaneously inserted intra-aortic balloon pump or left ventricular assist device (Impella, Abiomed). Access sites included radial, femoral or brachial approaches.
The nurse would record, for each patient, the following information: date and time of initial procedure, date and time of followup, access site location, whether or not a closure device was employed, presence of bleeding and/or hematoma and, if so, a description of their findings, presence or absence of distal pulses, and the presence or absence of bruit at access site. Any significant findings would then be immediately relayed to either the attending cardiologist or the cardiology fellow assigned to the interventional service for urgent attention. Significant findings may include, but not be limited to, marked ecchymosis, any bleeding, hematoma or changes in perfusion as manifested by alteration in distal pulse quality.
Furthermore, the educational component of this initiative targeted both the ancillary and professional healthcare providers caring for these patients both in the immediate post-operative period as well as during the period leading up to their hospital discharge. Every nurse who had the potential to be assigned a post-catheterization patient, typically those on the cardiac step-down and critical care units, received in-service training regarding management of post cardiac catheterization access sites, including recognition of signs and symptoms of untoward events. Special attention was paid to identification and management of hematoma, particularly retroperitoneal hematoma.
Specific instructions [1] as to routine access site followup and care were individually addressed and posted in a conspicuous location for reference. The nurse caring for the patient was again responsible for relaying any concerns regarding the access site to either the attending cardiologist or the cardiology fellow assigned to the interventional service throughout the remainder of the patient’s inpatient stay.
Collecting Data
A review of data from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) with respect to access site complications (bleeding, hematoma formation, pseudo-aneurysm) from a period beginning Jan. 1, 2008 and ending Dec. 31, 2010 was performed. All data was obtained through a retrospective review of targeted events within the central database. All patients undergoing percutaneously directed coronary interventional procedures during this time period were included in the analysis.
We examined the total number of significant bleeding events (access site bleeding, hematomas and retroperitoneal bleeding) manifesting within the first 72 hours following the procedure within the quarterly time periods described above. A major bleeding event, per ACC guidelines, was defined as any of the following: Hematocrit drop ? 10 percent and/or hemoglobin drop ? 3 g/dL, any transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBC), intervention at the access site to reverse or correct a bleeding event, including ultrasound-guided compression and invasive surgical repair.
We looked for a reduction in major bleeding events between years 2008, 2009 and 2010, with particular attention being paid to differences observed between the four quarters of 2008, prior to the initiation of the targeted education and surveillance program, and the eight quarterly periods between January of 2009 and December of 2010, which marked the initiation of the education and surveillance program. In addition, in an attempt to eliminate confounding data secondary to radial and brachial access, we subtracted out the radial and brachial access cases from each year to compare the differences seen with femoral artery cannulations across the three study years. Finally, to further reduce bias, we looked at the incidence of femoral closure device use across cases in each of the three years.
Research Findings
For the period 2008, the data from 571 patients undergoing PCI were reviewed and subsequently compared to outcomes from the NCDR for bleeding complications deemed significant by ACC guidelines. Femoral (566 patients, 99%) arterial access approach was utilized. A total of 15 patients experienced a major bleeding event (2.6% of total procedures) within 72 hours of PCI. For the period 2009, the data from 501 patients (N=501) undergoing PCI was reviewed and subsequently compared to outcomes from the NCDR. A femoral (456 patients, 91%) arterial access approach was utilized. Eight patients experienced a major bleeding event (1.6% of total procedures) within 72 hours of PCI.
For 2010, data from 586 patients undergoing PCI was reviewed and subsequently compared to outcomes from the NCDR. A femoral (474 patients, 81%) arterial access approach was utilized. Four patients experienced a major bleeding event (0.6% of total procedures) within 72 hours of PCI. There were no major bleeding events associated with the use of the radial or brachial techniques, therefore these cases were subtracted from the data pool.
Of the 566 PCI cases in 2008, 454 cases in 2009 and 475 cases in 2010 undergoing femoral artery cannulation during PCI, the total adjusted major bleeding rate was 2.7% (vs. 2.6%), 1.7% (vs. 1.6%), and 0.8% (vs. 0.6%), respectively. Furthermore, a closure device was employed following 211 of the 566 femoral cannulations in 2008 (37%), 222 of the 454 femoral cannulations in 2009 (49%) and 211 of the 475 femoral cannulations in 2010 (44%).
Statistical review of the data, evaluating for a reduction in bleeding events when comparing years 2008 with 2009 and 2009 with 2010, did not demonstrate significance by either uncorrected Chi² testing (0.862335 [P = 0.3531] and 1.579951 [P = 0.2088], respectively) or Yates-corrected Chi² testing (0.513109 [P = 0.4738] and 0.933714 [P = 0.3339], respectively). However, when applying uncorrected Chi² testing to the data comparing bleeding events in 2008 with 2010, we obtain a value of 4.711806 (P = 0.03) with a Yates-corrected Chi² value of 3.75678 (P = 0.0526).
So, while no significant difference with respect to reduction in bleeding events was noted in a comparison of the data from 2008 with 2009 and from 2009 with 2010, the data over the three-year study period from 2008 to 2010 did demonstrate significance with respect to the trend in bleeding event reduction. The data show implementation of dedicated access site surveillance and educational programs, in tandem with pre-existent strategies to reduce access site complications, can reduce the overall incidence of untoward femoral access-related bleeding events.
Benefits of Education, Surveillance
Access site complications constitute the most common adverse events to occur following PCI. They are associated with both increased length of stay and the associated healthcare costs. ACC and NCDR have previously reported an overall serious event rate related to vascular access of 1.56 percent.[2] Retroperitoneal hemorrhage, though infrequent, remains a potentially devastating complication of percutaneous vascular access. Early recognition of the signs and symptoms with appropriate and rapid action to control bleeding should attenuate the morbidity associated with retroperitoneal bleeding.[2, 6]
Many studies have examined techniques to minimize access site complications in the peri-operative period, particularly with respect to femoral artery access. Closure devices, anatomic landmark-guided access, routine access site angiography and even gender have all been examined as predictors of outcome with respect to access site complications.[3,4,5,6,7]
It appears, however, that the benefit of this educational and surveillance program, with respect to reduction in total bleeding events related to femoral artery access, occurred independent of the use of a femoral closure device. We, therefore, propose that the implementation of a dedicated access site surveillance and educational program, in tandem with pre-existent strategies to reduce access site complications, can reduce the overall incidence of untoward femoral access-related bleeding events.
Christopher H. Wilson, D.O., is from the department of medical education at Northside Hospital, St. Petersburg, Fla. Kerri Wing, R.N., BSN, is from the department of nursing at Northside Hospital. Peter C. Wassmer, M.D., FACC, and Robert Sanchez, M.D., FACC, are from The Heart and Vascular Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg, Fla.
References:
1. Shoulders-Odom, B. “Management of patients after Percutaneous Coronary Interventions.” Critical Care Nurse. 2008. 28 (5), pp. 26-41.
2. Topol, Eric J. “Textbook of Interventional Cardiology, 5th edition.” Pp. 522-525. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia PA. 2008.
3. Trimarchi et al. “Retroperitoneal Hematoma After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Management, Outcomes, and Predictors of Mortality: A Report from the BMC2 (Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Cardiovascular Consortium) Registry.” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv. 2010: 3;845-850.
4. White et al. “Hematomas of at least 5 cm and outcomes in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention: Insights from the SafeTy and Efficacy of Enoxaparin in PCI patients. An internationaL randomized Evaluation (STEEPLE) trial.” American Heart Journal. Vol. 159, Issue 1, Pages 110-116, Jan. 2010.
5. Eggebrecht et al. “Impact of Gender on Femoral Access Complications Secondary to Application of a Collagen-Based closure Device.” J Invasive Cardiology. 2004; 16 (5).
6. Farouque et al. “Risk factors for the development of retroperitoneal hematoma after percutaneous coronary intervention in the era of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and vascular closure devices.” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2005; 45, 363-368.
7. Tzinieris et al. “Minimizing Femoral Access Complications in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: A proposed Strategy of Bony Landmark Guided Femoral access, Routine Access Site Angiography and Appropriate Use of Closure Devices.” Hellenic Journal of Cardiology. 48: 127-133, 2007.
8. Harmon, Martial. “Vascular access site complications after PCI: An update and trans-radial approach in perspective.” Controversies and Consensus in Imaging and Intervention. Vol. IV, Issue 3, 2006.
9. Archbold et al. “Radial artery access for coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention.” BMJ. Vol. 329. Aug. 21, 2004. Pp 443-446.
April 24, 2024 
